*This paper shows that ethnically remote locations do not reap the full peace dividend from increased market access. Exploiting the staggered implementation of the U.S.-initiated Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and using high-resolution data on ethnic composition and violent conflict for sub-Saharan Africa, our analysis finds that in the wake of improved trade access conflict declines less in locations that are ethnically remote from the rest of the country. We hypothesize that ethnic remoteness acts as a barrier that hampers participation in the global economy. Consistent with this, satellite-based luminosity data show that income gains from improved trade access are smaller in ethnically remote locations, and survey data indicate that ethnically more distant individuals do not benefit from the same positive income shocks when exposed to increased market access. These results underscore the importance of ethnic barriers when analysing which locations and groups might be left behind by globalization.

**There often exists a gap between optimal vaccination coverage from a public health perspective and the coverage effectively achieved. This has been the case with COVID-19 and, more recently, with vaccination against human papillomavirus. During the COVID-19 pandemic, to reach sufficient vaccination coverage, the French government chose to implement restrictive policies for non-vaccinated individuals, such as requiring a negative test result to access public places. These policies aimed to increase the individual cost of not being vaccinated and, consequently, to influence vaccination decision. Using the French Social Security reimbursement record (SNDS – Système National des Données de Santé), covering 98.5% of the French population, this paper employs a piecewise survival model to assess the impact of successive restrictive policies on the decision to undergo COVID-19 vaccination in France at the individual level. This design allows to estimate marginal increases in vaccination uptake resulting from the announcement and implementation of those policies. Moreover, this unique and nearly exhaustive database enables the study of geographic disparities in the effect of these policies, as well as heterogeneity regarding demographic and health-related characteristics at the individual level.