Most studies find that AIDS has a relatively weak impact on economic growth because they assume that it affects only one flow variable and only in the short term (the flow of labour available and capable of working at a time t in the economy). But AIDS also has a long-term impact on stock variables that existing models do not take into account, specifically, on both human and physical capital. Integrating these two impacts in a growth model with multiple accumulation factors reverses the findings of standard impact evaluations. A fairly wide range of epidemic effects modifies the economy's long-term growth regime, creating what we might call an epidemic or regressive “trap”. Government action should be designed in view of this risk and should intervene preferentially in favour of human capital, through health and educational spending. Finally, this model changes the cost-efficiency calculations about expanding antiretroviral therapies to a large part of the working population and indicates that such treatment is substantially more cost-efficient than initially thought.

The article intends to evaluate the consequences of changing the mix between private and public health insurance in France, knowing that this evolution is induced de facto by the tendency of the French Social Security to opt for de-reimbursement policies. The analysis is built on a microeconomic representative database which authorises at the same time: macroeconomic assessment - how much to gain for public finances? - and microeconomic results: who is affected, who has been to be compensated and how much? The study shows that this strategy of reform should be complemented by, at least, two measures: compensation policies for elderly or unhealthy people without private health insurance; incitements for complementary insurance companies to take in charge the regulation of health services.

Brand New Book. Millennial Keynes provides a concise grounding in the origins, development, and continuing significance of Keynesian economics. Section One presents the contributions of economists working before Keynes who would later have tremendous influence on him and his work, including Walras, Pigou, Marshall, Sraffa, and Fisher. Section Two introduces and analyzes Keynes own major works, such as the Treatise on Money, Treatise on Probability, and The General Theory. The book concludes by looking at the many differing interpretations of the significance of the Keynesian tradition upon economics as a discipline, and the schools of thought that have spawned these often-divergent interpretations. And it explains why these ongoing debates are likely to continue well into the next millennium

The article begins with a brief description of the notion of "sustainable growth", applied by the experts as a tool for environmental decisions. Then, an explanation of the fiasco of the Johannesburg Summit is given : rather than blaming the tool for expertise, the failure is imputed to the difficulty encountered in creating an international market based on it. The construction of a market of rights-to-pollute requires a Political agreement on the legitimacy of market constraints, which is not realised, and maybe, not possible in the ?uasi missing?present system of world democracy. JEL codes : Q01, K32, F02.