*We study the potential of rental subscriptions as a tool to abate the production impact. We build an oligopoly model where two single-product retailers and a multi-product rental provider compete on prices: products in our model are horizontally differentiated, while leasing is qualitatively inferior to owning an item. The rental provider, or Access Based Service Provider (ABSP) offers a bundle of two products, and its user base receives one product per period. We compare the equilibrium outcomes with a setup where the multi-product firm sells the two products, rather than renting them out. We show that leasing is greener than selling for goods characterized by small unit cost: moreover, a marginal improvement on the ability of the ABSP to serve multiple consumers with the same item does not necessarily result in a lower production impact, due to the strategic response of the competitors. Finally, we find that as leasing and selling become closer substitutes, leasing is more likely to result in higher production impact, in that the cost savings implied by better asset utilisation translate into a very large user base for the multi-product firm.

**We solve a canonical, estimated, medium-sized, open-economy New Keynesian model, cast it into a small-scale population vector autoregression, and assess whether best-practice structural identifications detect textbook “overshooting” after a monetary policy hike—i.e., an instant real appreciation that monotonically reverts. Our results include “delayed overshooting,” “exchange rate puzzles,” “forward discount puzzles,” and model-consistent overshooting. Identifications that regularly indicate open-economy anomalies in empirics likewise produce them in our controlled setup. Vice versa, identifications that prompt theory-conform conclusions in actual data do so in our experimental data. We infer that less empirical evidence may contradict canonical international macro theory than previously understood.