Contrats de recherche

Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the main public health issues in our western societies and one of the greatest challenges in drug development. Prevention policies have become essential to address these issues: primary prevention to prevent disease onset by acting on actionable risk factors, or secondary prevention to slow disease progression with very early therapeutic interventions, ideally at pre-symptomatic stages. Key to the implementation of such prevention measures is the identification of at-risk patients, at the point of care, and preferably long before disease onset.
Our project, LeMeReND, proposes to use electronic health records (EHR) to identify biomedical risk factors through studying previous diagnoses (preclinical comorbidities), drug prescription, clinical care usage, and biological test results. This analysis will use longitudinal data in EHR registries including millions of patients who have been followed for at least 10 years before diagnosis in 4 different healthcare systems: Australia, France, the UK and Sweden and across 4 therapeutic areas: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and motor neuron diseases. We will identify the biomedical risk factors that are common to these diseases and the ones differentiating them.
We will stratify patients based on the progression profile of their exposure to the set of risk factors, in order to design tailored primary prevention measures. We will also design a screening tool which will give each patient a propensity score to develop one of these neurodegenerative diseases.
Such a tool could be deployed at the point of care to prioritise at-risk individuals for further inclusion in secondary prevention trials. We will evaluate the economic and social benefits of this new generation of precision prevention measures. We will study the public acceptability of a secondary-prevention effort, among the French population, and the feasibility of its implementation in primary care practices in France, Australia, and Sweden. Eventually, we will progress our understanding of the genetic and imaging markers of the disorders by studying the identified prodromal biomedical factors, using the UK BioBank and GWAS summary statistics. This will progress our understanding of the pathological processes which result in an increased risk to develop a specific neurodegenerative disease.
LeMeReND gathers a multidisciplinary research group with a leading expertise in epidemiology, statistics and machine learning, in particular for the analysis of longitudinal EHR data. Partners have demonstrated a strong track record on neurodegenerative diseases (Sweden, France, Australia), analyses of large-scale data including neuroimaging (France), genetics (Australia), longitudinal modelling (Sweden, France), and machine learning (Australia, France). An expert team in health economics and health policy complements the consortium.
LeMeReND will therefore provide invaluable insights to inform health policies and highlight possible new therapeutic targets. It will provide unique screening tools to facilitate the large-scale recruitment of patients in secondary prevention trials.

This project lies at the intersection of the political economy literature and the theory of optimal taxation. Its objective is to initiate an analysis on the links between inequalities, migration, and democracy. The first working package focuses on income redistribution, with an emphasis on middle classes. The second working package’s ambition is to estimate the impact of the tax and transfer system, and its media coverage, on far-right parties’ voting shares. This analysis will shed light on the determinants of the rising propensity of the middle class to vote in favor of these far-right parties. In the first working package, we first aim at measuring the evolution of pre-tax and post-tax income inequality and evaluating the redistributive impact of taxes and transfers on inequality in France since the beginning of the XXth century. We will then conduct two complementary analysis of behavioral responses to taxation among top income earners. The first study will analyze how taxation affects the decision of top income earners to emigrate. The second study will estimate how the design of income taxes may influence labor supply responses and/or the use of tax optimization strategies. Next, we will use the estimated behavioral responses to determine the top of the Laffer curve, that is, the rate of taxation at which tax revenue is maximized. Current top tax rates ranging below this estimated tax rate would suggest the existence of unexploited margins of redistribution, and therefore opportunities to implement tax reforms that would redistribute a part of the tax burden from the middle class to top- income earners. Such reforms, consistent with economic efficiency, would also improve the equity of the tax-and -transfer system. Finally, we turn our analysis into their political feasibility. We will explore this issue by providing theoretical foundations to the political process underlying redistributive policies in a context of international migration. In the second working package, we will first evaluate the effect of taxation and its evolution on the far-right vote in France. This quantitative analysis will allow us to compare the effect of taxation with that of other socio-economic determinants of the far-right vote identified by the literature, such as unemployment, exposure of low skill workers to import competition, or immigration. Using a structural model of vote, we will then conduct a counterfactual exercise allowing us to quantify the impact of tax reforms favoring the middle class on the far-right vote. We will finally analyze the role of media (traditional or social) on the evolution of the far-right vote. More precisely, we will estimate the effect of the media coverage of tax evasion or tax optimization strategies implemented by individuals or firms on the far-right vote. This project lies at the intersection of the political economy literature and the theory of optimal taxation. Its objective is to initiate an analysis on the links between inequalities, migration, and democracy. The first working package focuses on income redistribution, with an emphasis on middle classes. The second working package’s ambition is to estimate the impact of the tax and transfer system, and its media coverage, on far-right parties’ voting shares. This analysis will shed light on the determinants of the rising propensity of the middle class to vote in favor of these far-right parties. In the first working package, we first aim at measuring the evolution of pre-tax and post-tax income inequality and evaluating the redistributive impact of taxes and transfers on inequality in France since the beginning of the XXth century. We will then conduct two complementary analysis of behavioral responses to taxation among top income earners. The first study will analyze how taxation affects the decision of top income earners to emigrate. The second study will estimate how the design of income taxes may influence labor supply responses and/or the use of tax optimization strategies. Next, we will use the estimated behavioral responses to determine the top of the Laffer curve, that is, the rate of taxation at which tax revenue is maximized. Current top tax rates ranging below this estimated tax rate would suggest the existence of unexploited margins of redistribution, and therefore opportunities to implement tax reforms that would redistribute a part of the tax burden from the middle class to top- income earners. Such reforms, consistent with economic efficiency, would also improve the equity of the tax-and -transfer system. Finally, we turn our analysis into their political feasibility. We will explore this issue by providing theoretical foundations to the political process underlying redistributive policies in a context of international migration. In the second working package, we will first evaluate the effect of taxation and its evolution on the far-right vote in France. This quantitative analysis will allow us to compare the effect of taxation with that of other socio-economic determinants of the far-right vote identified by the literature, such as unemployment, exposure of low skill workers to import competition, or immigration. Using a structural model of vote, we will then conduct a counterfactual exercise allowing us to quantify the impact of tax reforms favoring the middle class on the far-right vote. We will finally analyze the role of media (traditional or social) on the evolution of the far-right vote. More precisely, we will estimate the effect of the media coverage of tax evasion or tax optimization strategies implemented by individuals or firms on the far-right vote.

In the context of a circular economy, the RECALL project aims at extracting valuable metals in mining waste: bauxite residues. Due to the economic importance of critical metals (they are present in many emerging applications) and their high supply risk, production from secondary resources appears to be inevitable in order to sustain these new economic sectors. Thus, this project proposes to develop environmentally sustainable extraction processes (soft physico-chemical and bio-inspired processes) to recover these metals, with thorough characterization of the waste and metal speciation and the evaluation of social welfare associated with the process being developed. This research project will be a springboard for this research topic identified as strategic by the CEREGE lab and for initiating collaborative project (EU calls, Horizon Europe). This project, not only of scientific interest, but also of economic and societal interest, is supported by the French Institute of Circular Economy.