*Air pollution is considered the second largest mortality risk factor worldwide. Its effects on mortality may vary depending on factors such as age, geographic location, or socioeconomic status. In this study, I explore the heterogeneity of the effects of short-term air pollution exposure on mortality across different socioeconomic groups. To do so, I analyze data at the commune level in major French urban areas using general additive models. The study focuses on four pollutants: nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), ozone (O₃), particulate matter 10 (PM₁₀), and particulate matter 2.5 (PM₂.₅). Socioeconomic status is determined using 3 different deprivation indexes. I find frequent non-monotonic relationships between air pollution exposure and mortality by socioeconomic status at the municipality level. The structure of the municipality, both in terms of deprivation and exposure, is an important factor in explaining the relationship.

**As Western populations age, more adult children face parental health challenges. Caregiving responsibilities towards parents are becoming crucial concerns for families, healthcare systems, and societies. While this care is essential for elderly well-being, it also demands significant time, energy and emotional resources. Yet, the impact of care provision on caregivers' lives remains understudied. This study examines how unexpected parental health crises affect young adults' decisions to form partnerships and have children. Using Dutch administrative data, we track individuals aged 15-35 whose parents suffered sudden, non-fatal health events. We compare family formation outcomes across groups experiencing parental health shocks at different ages using a staggered difference-in-differences approach.  Our analysis explores mechanisms related to time allocation and mental health impacts, potentially creating cycles where delayed fertility leads to older parenthood and earlier caregiving duties in the next generations. Our findings inform family support policies for aging Western societies, where more adult children face growing parental care responsibilities.