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This book analyses how foreign direct investors choose their locations, whilst exploring the forces which shape international economic geography. Although these two issues are, to some extent, inter-related, researchers have only recently acknowledged the similarity of economic geography and international business approaches to the empirical assessment of likely causes of the degree of spatial concentration observed in many modern industries.
Les politiques d'achats publics ont souvent ete suspectees d'etre fortement biaisees en faveur des producteurs domestiques, et presentees de ce fait comme un outil deguise de protection commerciale. Cet article, centre sur l'analyse du commerce intra-europeen des annees soixante-dix et quatre-vingt, apporte la preuve necessaire que les achats publics ont effectivement eu un impact negatif sur les flux de commerce internationaux et permettent donc d'expliquer en partie l'importance des "effets-frontieres" entre les pays europeens.
Cet article etudie les consequences sur la specialisation internationale, des achats publics biaises en faveur des producteurs nationaux. L'analyse theorique conclut qu'un pays se specialisera dans le secteur relativement favorise par les achats publics (nous appellons ceci "l'effet d'entrainement" des depenses publiques).
Discriminatory government procurement may (but does not have to) interfere with international specialisation and trade flows. This paper offers a general introduction to the findings of the theoretical literature, provides some descriptive statistics on public procurement and gives a brief overview of regulatory initiatives at international level.
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Public-sector purchases from private firms account for over 10 percent of GDP in most developed countries, and they are typically biased in favour of domestic suppliers. This paper explores the impact of discriminatory public procurement on the location of industries. Our main theoretical finding is that, in a setting with increasing returns and trade costs, home-biased procurement can override other determinants of industrial specialisation. Our empirical analysis underscores the significance of discriminatory procurement. Drawing on a cross-country, crossindustry data sample for the EU, we find that determinants of industry location such as factor endowments, market access and intermediate inputs are significant in sectors where public procurement is small, but they lose their significance in sectors where public procurement is important.
Aggregate demand externalities are the source of the cumulative processes of the new economic geography. In this paper these externalities drive the endogenous emergence of the pattern of international specialization in integrating economies. A distinguishing feature of this work is that it considers two aspects of market integration simultaneously: reduction of trade costs, and liberalization of the public procurement market. The first dimension has been widely studied. Adding the second dimension, which is on the policy agenda of the WTO and the EU, yields insights concerning the pattern of international specialization, income inequalities, and welfare. Copyright 2001 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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