Luchini

Publications

Equivalent Income and Fair Evaluation of Health CareJournal articleMarc Fleurbaey, Stéphane Luchini, Christophe Muller et Erik Schokkaert, Health Economics, Volume 22, Issue 6, pp. 711-729, 2013

We argue that the economic evaluation of health care (cost–benefit analysis) should respect individual preferences and should incorporate distributional considerations. Relying on individual preferences does not imply subjective welfarism. We propose a particular non-welfarist approach, based on the concept of equivalent income, and show how it helps to define distributional weights. We illustrate the feasibility of our approach with empirical results from a pilot survey.

Preference elicitation under oathJournal articleNicolas Jacquemet, Robert-Vincent Joule, Stéphane Luchini et Jason F. Shogren, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Volume 65, Issue 1, pp. 110-132, 2013

Eliciting sincere preferences for non-market goods remain a challenge due to the discrepency between hypothetical and real behavior and false zeros. The gap arises because people either overstate hypothetical values or understate real commitments or a combination of both. Herein we examine whether the traditional real-world institution of the solemn oath can improve preference elicitation. Applying the social psychology theory on the oath as a truth-telling-commitment device, we ask our bidders to swear on their honour to give honest answers prior to participating in an incentive-compatible second-price auction. The oath is an ancillary mechanism to commit bidders to bid sincerely in a second-price auction. Results from our induced valuation testbed treatments suggest that the oath-only auctions outperform all our other auctions (real and hypothetical). In our homegrown valuation treatments eliciting preferences for dolphin protection, the oath-only design induced people to treat as binding both their experimental budget constraint (i.e., lower values on the high end of the value distribution) and participation constraint (i.e., positive values in place of the zero bids used to opt-out of auction). Based on companion treatments, we show the oath works through an increase in the willingness to tell the truth, due to a strengthening of the intrinsic motivation to do so.

Uncertainty and framing in a valuation taskJournal articleStéphane Luchini et Verity Watson, Journal of Economic Psychology, Volume 39, pp. 204-214, 2013

Many stated preference studies report framing effects in responses to valuation questions. Framing in stated preference studies occurs when respondents use irrelevant information contained in the question to help them value the good. This may occur because respondents are uncertain or do not hold well-formed preferences for the good in question. We investigate if respondent certainty explains framing effects in a contingent valuation study, using data from a double bounded dichotomous elicitation format and a follow-up certainty question. We investigate if respondent certainty influences anchoring and the shift effect. We find evidence that the anchoring effect is stronger for respondents who are less certain about their response to the contingent valuation question compared to respondents who are very certain. However, the shift effect is significant and negative only for respondents who are very certain. Our results indicate that certain respondents are more consistent with the predictions of rational behaviour than uncertain respondents.

Evaluation des politiques de santé : pour une prise en compte équitable des intérêts des populationsJournal articleMarc Fleurbaey, Stéphane Luchini, Erik Schokkaert et Carine Van de Voorde, Économie et Statistique, Issue 455-456, pp. 11-36, 2013

Deux méthodes sont généralement envisagées pour l'évaluation des politiques de santé. L'approche coût-bénéfice s'appuie sur la somme des consentements individuels à payer : elle respecte les préférences individuelles mais elle donne une priorité aux préférences des plus riches car leurs consentements à payer sont en général plus élevés. L'approche coût-efficacité sélectionne les politiques assurant le gain le plus élevé en matière de santé globale, à coût total donné. Elle n'avantage pas les individus à revenu élevé, mais elle peut avoir d'autres effets indésirables : par exemple favoriser le traitement d'une affection bénigne qui profitera au plus grand nombre par rapport à une affection grave touchant peu de personnes. Une variante de l'analyse coût-bénéfice évite ces différents écueils. Elle consiste à pondérer les consentements à payer par des coefficients qui varient en sens inverse d'un indicateur de bien-être individuel combinant revenu et état de santé. L'indicateur choisi est le revenu équivalent santé : il s'agit du revenu effectif de l'individu diminué du montant auquel il serait prêt à renoncer pour être en parfaite santé. À revenu donné, il décroit donc quand la santé se détériore. Contrairement à des indices d'utilité subjective, il a l'avantage de ne s'appuyer que sur les préférences ordinales des individus. Cette approche est mise en œuvre à l'aide d'une enquête conduite sur un échantillon représentatif de la population française. Compte tenu de leurs contraintes financières, les personnes à bas revenu accordent moins d'importance relative à leur état de santé. Mais les coefficients obtenus permettent néanmoins de surpondérer les individus les moins favorisés cumulant faible revenu, mauvaise santé et forte préférence pour l'amélioration de cette santé. Ces coefficients sont ensuite mobilisables pour l'évaluation de toute politique pour laquelle on connaitrait les consentements individuels à payer.

Comment les individus valorisent-ils les décès associés à la pollution atmosphérique ? Une comparaison de trois scénarios hypothétiquesJournal articleDominique Ami, Frédéric Aprahamian, Olivier Chanel et Stéphane Luchini, Économie et Statistique, Volume 460-461, Issue 1, pp. 107-128, 2013

[fr] La valorisation économique d’une diminution du risque de mortalité recourt de plus en plus fréquemment aux techniques d’évaluation contingente. Celles‑ci consistent à interroger un échantillon d’individus sur leur «consentement à payer » (CAP) pour réduire ce risque à partir de scénarios hypothétiques. Les CAP dépendent toutefois de nombreux facteurs et notamment de la nature du risque sous‑jacent et du scénario proposé pour le réduire. Cet article s’intéresse à la diminution du risque de mortalité associé à une exposition à la pollution atmosphérique et teste l’effet d’une modification du contexte d’évaluation hypothétique à travers trois scénarios : un nouveau médicament, un déménagement et de nouvelles réglementations. Pour analyser les CAP déclarés dans les différents scénarios, nous définissons un cadre d’analyse unifié, théorique puis économétrique, qui prend en compte les préférences des participants pour le présent, ainsi que celles des autres membres du ménage. Deux résultats en découlent. Les taux d’actualisation implicites estimés, spécifiques à chacun des scénarios hypothétiques, se révèlent significativement différents. De l’ordre de 7 % pour le scénario «déménagement » , ils sont respectivement de 24 % et 26 % pour les scénarios «médicament » et «réglementation » . Il en résulte des «valeurs d’évitement d’un décès » (VED) moyennes très différentes entre le scénario «déménagement » (801 000) d’une part, et les scénarios «médicament » (299 000) et «réglementation » (252 000) d’autre part.
[en] The economic value placed on a reduction in the risk of mortality relies more and more frequently on contingent assessment techniques. These consist in questioning a sample of individuals on their “ willingness to pay” (WTP) in order to reduce this risk, on the basis of hypothetical scenarios. These WTP nevertheless depend on many factors, especially the nature of the underlying risk and the scenario proposed to reduce it. This article deals with reducing the risk of mortality associated with exposure to atmospheric pollution and tests the effect of a change in the hypothetical context of assessment through three scenarios : a new drug, a house move and new regulations. To analyse the “ willingness to pay” stated in the different scenarios, we define a unified, theoretical then econometric framework of analysis, taking into account the preferences of the participants at present, and also those of other household members. There are two main results. The estimated implicit updating rates, specific to each hypothetical scenario, were seen to differ significantly. They were about 7% for the “ move” scenario and 24% and 26% for the “ drugs” and “ regulations” scenarios respectively. Results showed that the average “ values set for avoiding death” differed greatly between the “ move” scenario (801,000) on the one hand, and the “ drugs” (299,000) and “ regulations” (252,000) scenarios on the other hand.

Designing the financial tools to promote universal access to Aids careJournal articleStéphane Luchini et Patrick Leoni, Journal of Health Economics, Volume 30, Issue 1, pp. 181-188, 2011

We argue that reluctance to invest in drug treatments to fight the {AIDS} epidemics in developing countries is largely motivated by severe losses occurring from the future albeit uncertain appearance of a curative vaccine. We design a set of securities generating full insurance coverage against such losses, while achieving full risk-sharing with vaccine development agencies. In a General Equilibrium framework, we show that those securities are demanded to improve social welfare in developing countries, to increase current investment in treatments and the provision of public goods. Even though designed for AIDS, those securities can also be applied to other epidemics such as malaria and tuberculosis, as well as any innovative treatment to fight orphan diseases.

Social Psychology and Environmental Economics: A New Look at ex ante Corrections of Biased Preference EvaluationJournal articleStéphane Luchini, Nicolas Jacquemet, Alexander G. James et Jason F. Shogren, Environmental & Resource Economics, Volume 48, Issue 3, pp. 413-433, 2011

The field of social psychology explores how a person behaves within the context of other people. The social context can play a substantive role in non-market allocation decisions given peoples choices and values extend beyond the classic market-based exchange institution. Herein we explore how social psychology has affected one aspect of environmental economics: preference elicitation through survey work. We discuss social representation, social isolation, framing through cheap talk, and commitment theory through an oath.

Do People Always Pay Less Than They Say? Testbed Laboratory Experiments with IV and HG ValuesJournal articleStéphane Luchini, Nicolas Jacquemet, Robert-Vincent Joule et Jason F. Shogren, Journal of Public Economic Theory, Volume 13, Issue 5, pp. 857-882, 2011

Hypothetical bias is a long-standing issue in stated preference and contingent valuation studies—people tend to overstate their preferences when they do not experience the real monetary consequences of their decision. This view, however, has been challenged by recent evidence based on the elicitation of induced values (IV) in the lab and homegrown (HG) demand function from different countries. This paper uses an experimental design to assess the extent and relevance of hypothetical bias in demand elicitation exercises for both induced (IV) and homegrown (HG) values. For testbed purpose, we use a classic second-price auction to elicit preferences. Comparing the demand curve we elicit in both, hypothetical bias unambiguously (i) vanishes in an IV, private good context and (ii) persists in HG values elicitation context. This suggests hypothetical bias in preference elicitation appears to be driven by “preference formation” rather than “preference elicitation.” In addition, companion treatments highlight two sources of the discrepancy observed in the HG setting: the hypothetical context leads bidders to underestimate the constraints imposed by their budget limitations, whereas the real context creates pressure leading them to bid “zero” to opt out from the elicitation mechanism. As a result, there is a need for a demand elicitation procedure that helps subjects take the valuation exercise sincerely, but without putting extra pressure on them.

A Test of Cheap Talk in Different Hypothetical Contexts: The Case of Air PollutionJournal articleDominique Ami, Frédéric Aprahamian, Olivier Chanel et Stéphane Luchini, Environmental & Resource Economics, Volume 50, Issue 1, pp. 111-130, 2011

We explore the influence of a neutral cheap talk script in three typical scenarios used in the CV literature devoted to the valuation of air pollution effects. We show that cheap talk has a differentiated effect depending on the scenario implemented. It decreases protest responses with no effect on WTP values in the scenario based on a new drug. When a move to a less polluted city is involved, it has no effect on protest responses but decreases WTP values. Surprisingly, cheap talk increases protest responses but decreases WTP values when new regional air pollution regulations are at stake.

Impact of information on intentions to vaccinate in a potential epidemic: Swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1)Journal articleOlivier Chanel, Stéphane Luchini, Sébastien Massoni et Jean-Christophe Vergnaud, Social Science & Medicine, Volume 72, Issue 2, pp. 142-148, 2011

Vaccination campaigns to prevent the spread of epidemics are successful only if the targeted populations subscribe to the recommendations of health authorities. However, because compulsory vaccination is hardly conceivable in modern democracies, governments need to convince their populations through efficient and persuasive information campaigns. In the context of the swine-origin A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic, we use an interactive study among the general public in the South of France, with 175 participants, to explore what type of information can induce change in vaccination intentions at both aggregate and individual levels. We find that individual attitudes to vaccination are based on rational appraisal of the situation, and that it is information of a purely scientific nature that has the only significant positive effect on intention to vaccinate.